The History of John Bull
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INTRODUCTION BY HENRY MORLEY.
This is the book which fixed the name and character of John Bull on
the English people. Though in one part of the story he is thin and
long nosed, as a result of trouble, generally he is suggested to us
as "ruddy and plump, with a pair of cheeks like a trumpeter," an
honest tradesman, simple and straightforward, easily cheated; but
when he takes his affairs into his own hands, acting with good plain
sense, knowing very well what he wants done, and doing it.
The book was begun in the year 1712, and published in four
successive groups of chapters that dealt playfully, from the Tory
point of view, with public affairs leading up to the Peace of
Utrecht. The Peace urged and made by the Tories was in these light
papers recommended to the public. The last touches in the parable
refer to the beginning of the year 1713, when the Duke of Ormond
separated his troops from those of the Allies and went to receive
Dunkirk as the stipulated condition of cessation of arms. After the
withdrawal of the British troops, Prince Eugene was defeated by
Marshal Villars at Denain, and other reverses followed. The Peace
of Utrecht was signed on the 31st of March.
Some chapters in this book deal in like manner, from the point of
view of a good-natured Tory of Queen Anne's time, with the feuds of
the day between Church and Dissent. Other chapters unite with this
topic a playful account of another chief political event of the
time--the negotiation leading to the Act of Union between England
and Scotland, which received the Royal Assent on the 6th of March,
17O7; John Bull then consented to receive his "Sister Peg" into his
house. The Church, of course, is John Bull's mother; his first wife
is a Whig Parliament, his second wife a Tory Parliament, which first
met in November, 171O.
This "History of John Bull" began with the first of its four parts
entitled "Law is a Bottomless Pit, exemplified in the case of Lord
Strutt, John Bull, Nicholas Frog, and Lewis Baboon, who spent all
they had in a Law-suit." For Law put War--the War of the Spanish
Succession; for lawyers, soldiers; for sessions, campaigns; for
verdicts, battles won; for Humphry Hocus the attorney, Marlborough
the general; for law expenses, war expenses; and for aim of the
whole, to aid the Tory policy of peace with France. A second part
followed, entitled "John Bull in his Senses;" the third part was
called "John Bull still in his Senses;" and the fourth part, "Lewis
Baboon turned Honest, and John Bull Politician." The four parts
were afterwards arranged into two, as they are here reprinted, and
published together as "The History of John Bull," with a few notes
by the author which sufficiently explain its drift.
The author was John Arbuthnot, a physician, familiar friend of Pope
and Swift, whom Pope addressed as
"Friend to my life, which did not you prolong,
The world had wanted many an idle song;"
and of whom Swift said, that "he has more wit than we all have, and
his humanity is equal to his wit." "If there were a dozen
Arbuthnots in the world," said Swift, "I would burn 'Gulliver's
Travels.'"
Arbuthnot was of Swift's age, born in 1667, son of a Scotch
Episcopal clergyman, who lost his living at the Revolution. His
sons--all trained in High Church principles--left Scotland to seek
their fortunes; John came to London and taught mathematics. He took
his degree of Doctor of Medicine at St. Andrews in 1696; found use
for mathematics in his studies of Medicine; became a Fellow of the
Royal Society; and being by chance at Epsom when Queen Anne's
husband was taken ill, prescribed for him so successfully that he
was made in 1705 Physician Extraordinary, and upon the occurrence of
a vacancy in 17O9 Physician in Ordinary, to the Queen. Swift calls
him her favourite physician. In 171O he was admitted Fellow of the
Royal college of Physicians. That was Arbuthnot's position in
1712-13 when, at the age of forty-five, he wrote this "History of
John Bull." He was personal friend of the Ministers whose policy he
supported, and especially of Harley, Earl of Oxford, the Sir Roger
of the History.
After Queen Anne's death, and the coming of the Whigs to power,
Arbuthnot lost his office at Court. But he was the friend and
physician of all the wits; himself without literary ambition,
allowing friends to make what alterations they pleased in pieces
that he wrote, or his children to make kites of them. A couple of
years before his death he suffered deeply from the loss of the elder
of his two sons. He was himself afflicted then with stone, and
retired to Ha
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