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How Are We to Live?《我们要如何去活?》by Peter Singer(pdf)
彼得·辛格(Peter Singer,1946-),著名伦理学家,现任教于澳大利亚莫纳虚大学哲学系。曾任国际伦理学学会主席,是世界动物保护运动的倡导者。其代表作《动物解放》一书从1975年出版以来,被翻译成二十多种文字,在几十个国家出版。英文版的重版多达26次。 1973年4月5日,彼得·辛格在《纽约书评》上撰文,首次提出“动物解放”(Animal Liberation)一词。辛格在这篇文章基础上写成的《动物解放》一书出版,“动物解放”一词由是深入人心,并成为30年来风起云涌的动物权利运动最为响亮的口号。 《动物解放》一书自在英国初版,随后又有了德、意、西、荷、法、日文种的译本,促使读者严肃地思考我们应当如何对待非人动物的问题。从某种根本的意义来说,所有的人都是平等的,都天然拥有某些基本权利,但我们仍然把世界上大多数有感知能力的动物排除在外,由于排斥在我们的爱护和关怀之外,我们便恶待它们。很多人读了本书,受其影响,很多人认为不能再支持那种残忍、暴虐并危害环境的肉食业了,于是他们成了素食主义者,力图过一种不致使其他动物无辜受难的生活。环境方面的理由也起了越来越大的作用,有越来越多的人明白了本书的道理:在西方社会中十分典型,大量消耗动物制品的生活方式,对于环境来说是一种灾难。健康方面的考虑也是人们转向素食的一个重要原因,大量研究表明,那些放弃或减少肉食而增加水果和蔬菜的人,其受癌症与心脏病的威胁也将减少。 具有讽刺意味的是,正当西方人开始意识到食用过多肉、蛋和乳制品是一个错误的时候,中国却在这方面开始增加消费,中国肉类消费已占世界生产和消费总量的1/4,而且还在迅速增长。其结果将是数以十亿计的动物终生悲惨地生活在狭窄、阴暗、不见天日的圈内,而不能享受自由、天然的野外生活。而为了生产足够的饲料,又将对农业造成更大的压力,使更多的山野失去天然植被而被辟为耕地。为了生产更多的牛肉,将会有更多的森林被砍伐,更多的草原放牧过度,出现更多的沙漠。所有这些都将消耗更多的能源,往大气中排放更多的甲烷和二氧化碳,从而引起温室效应、干旱、飓风和海平面上升。而中国的心脏病、消化系统癌症的发病率也将很快超过西方。作者呼吁:肉食已成为当今一大道德课题。肉食虐待动物、不利健康、浪费资源、毁坏环境。如果不改变动物生而为人类口中之食的看法,也就难以改变自己对整个自然的态度。
辛格简介
彼得·辛格.rar
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How Are We to Live? : Ethics in an Age of Self-Interest is a book on applied ethics by modern bioethical philosopher Peter Singer. It was first published in 1993.
Chapter content
In its first four chapters, the book describes the history of ethical thought.
Chapter Five explains and attempts to refute the popular idea that humans are genetically driven to be selfish.
Chapter Six studies the Japanese culture and its remarkable differences in ethical perspective when compared to modern western culture, and attempts to infer a few properties of the development of ethical thought.
Chapter Seven, "Tit for Tat", proposes that ethical behavior is in fact beneficial for the individual under real-life conditions, and proposes five practical ethical rules based on a computer simulation of the Prisoner's Dilemma.
Chapters Eight to Eleven mostly elaborate on the reasons for behaving ethically and how they apply on actual everyday life.
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Chapter Nine, "The nature of ethics", discusses various philosophical perspectives on ethics, including Christian and Kantian ones.
Chapter Ten, "Living to some purpose", attempts to show how the key for a satisfactory life resides on its purpose and how crucial for that purpose a commitment to an ethical life is.
Chapter Eleven, "The good life", comments on the effect of having the widest perspective possible on our ethical decisions; on how our rational capability sometimes leads us to change our goal; and on the paradoxical opportunity that the existence of so many ills on the world brings to us by way of showing plenty of clearly worthwhile goals.
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How are we to live by Peter Singer.rar
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